1. Understanding Networks
A network is a collection of computers and devices that are linked together so they can share information, files, and resources. You use networks every day without even realising it — when you log in to a school computer, print a worksheet from the classroom printer, or connect a tablet to the school Wi-Fi. A network makes all these things possible by allowing devices to communicate with one another. Networks are important because they help people share work quickly, save time, and access the Internet from any connected device.
2. The Internet and How We Connect
The Internet is a huge international network made up of millions of computers all around the world. It allows us to browse websites, watch videos, read news, play online games, and send messages instantly. To connect to the Internet, we use devices such as routers and modems. A router helps direct data to the right device, making sure information arrives where it should. A modem connects your home or school to your Internet provider. Without these devices, there would be no way to access websites or online services.
The Internet can be reached in two main ways: by using wired connections, which involve physical cables, or through wireless networks like Wi-Fi. Wireless Internet is more convenient, but wired connections are often faster and more reliable.
3. Communication and Protocols
When computers communicate, they send data back and forth in a structured way. This exchange of information is called communication. If two devices cannot communicate properly, they cannot share files, access the Internet, or send messages.
To make sure communication works smoothly, networks follow strict sets of rules called protocols. Protocols act like traffic rules for data. They make sure information is delivered correctly, safely, and in the right order. Without protocols, the Internet would be chaotic and unreliable.
4. Input Devices and Computer Control
Computers require input devices so users can control them and enter information. A keyboard helps us type, a mouselets us point and click, a microphone allows us to record sound, and a scanner copies images or documents. Understanding which devices are input or output helps students recognise how computers work in daily life.
5. Introduction to Algorithms
An algorithm is simply a clear, step-by-step instruction for solving a problem or completing a task. We use algorithms every day, even outside computing. For example, the steps for brushing your teeth or following a recipe are both algorithms. In computing, algorithms help us plan what a program should do before we write any code.
Sequence is important in algorithms because the steps must happen in the correct order. If the steps are mixed up, the final result will be wrong — just like adding milk after baking a cake would ruin it. In programming, getting the sequence correct ensures the program works properly.
6. Programming Basics: Scratch, Loops, and Variables
Scratch is a beginner-friendly programming tool many students use in Year 5. Most Scratch programs begin with the “When Green Flag Clicked” block, which tells the computer to start the program.
A loop is a programming instruction that repeats itself. For example, a sprite can walk across the screen by repeating “move 10 steps.” Loops help us avoid writing the same instruction many times.
A variable stores information that can change while the program runs. In a Scratch game, the score often changes, so it is stored in a variable. Variables make programs more interesting and interactive because they allow programs to respond to actions.
Debugging is the process of finding mistakes in your program and fixing them. Programmers at all levels debug their work — it is a normal and important part of coding.
7. Flowcharts and Decision Making
Flowcharts are diagrams used to show the steps in an algorithm. They help us organise our thinking before writing code. Different shapes represent different actions. For example, a diamond shape is used whenever the program needs to make a decision, such as “Is the password correct?” Flowcharts make planning much easier, especially for young programmers.
8. Online Safety and Phishing Awareness
Being online can be enjoyable and educational, but students must learn to stay safe. One of the most important dangers to recognise is phishing. Phishing happens when someone tries to steal your personal information by pretending to be someone trustworthy. This often happens in emails or messages that ask you to click on a link or share your password.
If you receive a suspicious email, the safest action is to delete it and tell a trusted adult or teacher. Never share your personal details or click on strange links. Knowing how to protect yourself online is essential for every student.
9. Responsible Use of Technology and E-Waste
Technology is helpful, but it must be used responsibly. This includes using devices safely, taking care of equipment, and making good choices online. When technology is thrown away, it becomes e-waste. Old computers and phones contain chemicals that can harm the environment if they are not recycled properly. Learning to recycle or donate old devices helps reduce pollution and keeps materials out of landfills.